Oncology Drugs

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A wound is a loss or breaking of cellular and anatomic or functional continuity of living tissue under the action of any external agency, including surgery (Patil et. Al., 2001). In this general definition many subdivisions are possible, taking into account and grouping together the various forms of violence or tissue damage. Destruction of skin by a burn or a trauma can cause severe loss of the very important protective functions of skin. This may result into functional interferences or even fatal manifestation in serious cases. Therefore, it is required that the process of wound healing should be executed immediately after the initiation of a wound. The process of wound healing primarily involves an acute inflammatory phase, collagen and other macromolecular synthesis, tissue remodeling and finally scar formation (Chithra et. Al., 1998) This process is primarily characterized by three mechanisms. In each wound one of the three mechanisms predominates. The three mechanisms of wound healing are contraction, Epithelialization, and connective tissue deposition. The main stages of healing are (1) Inflammation (2) Proliferation and repair (3) Remodeling (Del Maestra, 1984). In each of these stages, specific components play a part through several mediators. However, with respect to gross morphological changes a thin liner red scar is formed at first which is raised above the level of the surrounding skin but this gradually fades until it is considerable paler than the surrounding skin. For many weeks after the scar forms, the process of contracture continues as is observed by the gradual shortening of the wound.

It has been reported that wound healing is more efficient under moist wound environment. Hence, currently a treatment encompassing of the application of gel/cream based synthetic/natural agents in and around the wound area is preferred. A typical treatment encompasses of cleaning the wound are with any antiseptic compound and then application of a wound healing agent that quickens the pace of natural wound closure. Such an agent may be a synthetic or herbal compound with established activity (Patil et. Al., 2001; Shirwarkar et. Al., 2003; Fulzele al. 2003) In this paper the wound healing activity of a formulation has been studied. MATERIAL AND METHODS The 3% Hemolok gel used was acquired from Themis Medicare Limited, Mumbai. 5% Povidone iodine solution w/v made by ICI India Limited was diluted to 3% using sterile water for injection and used as a positive control. Composition of 3% Hemolok (sepgard) Gel: The test formulation used contained 3% feracrylum, 5% carbopol, 12.5% propylene glycol, 0.2% butylated hydroxyl 

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Botulinum Toxin Type A (Nabota) is indicated for the treatment of blepharospasm associated with dystonia, including benign essential blepharospasm, hemifacial spasm or VII^th nerve disorders in patients 12 years or older.
Botulinum Toxin Type A (Nabota) is indicated for the correction of strabismus in patients 12 years or older.
Botulinum Toxin Type A (Nabota) is indicated for the treatment of spasmodic torticollis (cervical dystonia) in adults.
Botulinum Toxin Type A (Nabota) is indicated for the treatment of dynamic equinus foot deformity due to spasticity in pediatric cerebral palsy patients, two years of age or older.
Botulinum Toxin Type A (Nabota) is indicated for the temporary treatment of glabellar lines associated with corrugator and/or procerus muscle activity in adult patients below 65 years of age.
Botulinum Toxin Type A (Nabota) is indicated in the management of focal spasticity, including the treatment of spasticity associated with stroke in adults.
Botulinum Toxin Type A (Nabota) is indicated for the treatment of focal hyperhidrosis of the axilla.
Botulinum Toxin Type A (Nabota) is indicated for the temporary improvement in the appearance of upper facial rhytides (glabellar lines, crow's feet and forehead lines) in adults.
Botulinum Toxin Type A (Nabota) is indicated for the prophylaxis of headaches in adults with chronic migraine.
Botulinum Toxin Type A (Nabota) is indicated for the treatment of urinary incontinence due to neurogenic detrusor overactivity e.g., spinal cord injury (SCI) or multiple sclerosis (MI) in adults.Dosage / Direction for UseBlepharospasm: Reconstituted Clostridium Botulinum Toxin Type A (see Table 1) is injected using a sterile, 27-30 gauge needle with or without electromyographic guidance.
Initial Recommended Dose: 1.25-2.5 units in (0.05-0.1 mL volume at each site) injected into the medial and lateral orbicularis oculi of the upper lid and into the lateral orbicularis oculi of the lower lid.
Injection placement may vary based on the patient's presentation. Avoiding injection near the levator palpebrae superioris may reduce the complication of ptosis. Avoiding medial lower lid injections and thereby reducing diffusion into the inferior oblique, may reduce the complication of diplopia. Ecchymosis occurs easily in the soft eyelid tissues. This can be prevented by applying pressure at the injection site immediately after the injection. The hazard of ectropion may be reduced by avoiding injection into the lower lid area.
In general, the initial effect of the injections is seen within 3 days and reaches a peak at 1-2 weeks post-treatment. Each treatment lasts approximately 3 months, following which the procedure can be repeated indefinitely. At repeat-treatment sessions, the dose may be increased up to 2-fold if the response from the initial treatment is considered insufficient (usually defined as an effect that does not last longer than 2 months). However, there appears to be little benefit obtainable from injecting >5 units/site. The initial dose should not exceed 25 units/eye. Normally, no additional benefit is conferred by treating more frequently than every 3 months. It is rare for the effect to be permanent.
In the management of blepharospasm, total dosing should not exceed 100 units every 12 weeks.